Don't you feel like crying every time you add another disc to your pile of scratched discs. Trashing that disc which contained your favorite songs, pics, files, games or videos is not easy.
Read-on, if you find yourself wishing for a miracle every time your fav CD is scratched:
Home Remedy :
here's an easy home remedy, which might give you the desired results. Rub a small amount of toothpaste on the scratch and polish the CD with a soft cloth and any petroleum-based polishing solution (like clear shoe polish). Squirt a drop of Brasso and wipe it with a clean cloth.
Technology to the rescue
There are many softwares available on the net, which enable the recovery of the CD data. BadCopy Pro is one such software, which can be used to recover destroyed data and files from a range of media.
Just a few clicks is all it requires to recover the disc from almost all kind of damage situation; be it corrupted, lost data, unreadable or defective.
DiskDoctors is another popular company, which offers both software and solutions to recover data from a scratched CDs and DVDs.
General Tips:
* Always wipe the CD from the center outward with stratight spoke-like strokes. Wiping CDs in circles will create more scratches.
* Do not scratch the graphics layer as you cannot repair the disc. HINT: Hold the disc up to a light with the graphics layer facing the light source. If you can see light thru the scratches at any point then the disc may be irreparable and or exhibit loading or playing errors.
* Clean your Disc players lens regularly with a suitable product to ensure optimal viewing pleasure.
* Make sure to use a soft, lint-free cloth to clean both sides of the disc. Wipe in a straight line from the centre of the disc to the outer edge.
* If wiping with a cloth does not remove a fingerprint or smudge, use a specialized DVD disc polishing spray to clean the disc.
* Only handle the disc by its outer edge and the empty hole in the middle. This will help prevent fingerprints, smudges or scratches.
Statistics:
*Fingermarks/prints cause 43% of disc problems!
* General wear & tear causes 25% of disc problems!
* Player-related issues cause 15% of disc problems!
* User-related issues cause 12% of disc problems!
* PlayStation 2 machine scratches cause 3% of disc problems!
* Laser rot (a manufacturer error) causes 2% of disc problems!
Thursday, September 2, 2010
Tips for better life
1. Take a 10-30 minutes walk every day. And while you walk, smile.
2. Sit in silence for at least 10 minutes each day.
3. Sleep for 7 hours.
4. Live with the 3 E's -- Energy, Enthusiasm, and Empathy.
5. Play more games.
6. Read more books than you did in 2007.
7. Make time to practice meditation, yoga, and prayer. They provide us with daily fuel for our busy lives.
8. Spend time with people over the age of 70 & under the age of 6.
9. Dream more while you are awake.
10. Eat more foods that grow on trees and plants and eat less food that is manufactured in plants.
11. Drink plenty of water.
12. Try to make at least three people smile each day.
13. Don't waste your precious energy on gossip.
14.. Forget issues of the past. Don't remind your partner with his/her mistakes of the past. That will ruin your present happiness.
15. Don't have negative thoughts or things you cannot control. Instead invest your energy in the positive present moment.
16. Realize that life is a school and you are here to learn. Problems are simply part of the curriculum that appear and fade away like algebra class but the lessons you learn will last a lifetime.
17. Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a beggar.
18. Smile and laugh more.
19. Life is too short to waste time hating anyone. Don't hate others.
20. Don't take yourself so seriously. No one else does.
21. You don't have to win every argument. Agree to disagree.
22. Make peace with your past so it won't spoil the present.
23. Don't compare your life to others'. You have no idea what their journey is all about. Don't compare your partner with others.
24. No one is in charge of your happiness except you.
25. Forgive everyone for everything.
26.. What other people think of you is none of your business.
27. However good or bad a situation is, it will change.
28. Your job won't take care of you when you are sick. Your friends will. Stay in touch.
29. Get rid of anything that isn't useful, beautiful or joyful.
30. Envy is a waste of time. You already have all you need.
31. The best is yet to come.
32. No matter how you feel, get up, dress up and show up.
33. Do the right thing!
34. Call your family often.
35. Your inner most is always happy. So be happy.
36. Each day give something good to others.
37. Don't over do. Keep your limits.
2. Sit in silence for at least 10 minutes each day.
3. Sleep for 7 hours.
4. Live with the 3 E's -- Energy, Enthusiasm, and Empathy.
5. Play more games.
6. Read more books than you did in 2007.
7. Make time to practice meditation, yoga, and prayer. They provide us with daily fuel for our busy lives.
8. Spend time with people over the age of 70 & under the age of 6.
9. Dream more while you are awake.
10. Eat more foods that grow on trees and plants and eat less food that is manufactured in plants.
11. Drink plenty of water.
12. Try to make at least three people smile each day.
13. Don't waste your precious energy on gossip.
14.. Forget issues of the past. Don't remind your partner with his/her mistakes of the past. That will ruin your present happiness.
15. Don't have negative thoughts or things you cannot control. Instead invest your energy in the positive present moment.
16. Realize that life is a school and you are here to learn. Problems are simply part of the curriculum that appear and fade away like algebra class but the lessons you learn will last a lifetime.
17. Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a beggar.
18. Smile and laugh more.
19. Life is too short to waste time hating anyone. Don't hate others.
20. Don't take yourself so seriously. No one else does.
21. You don't have to win every argument. Agree to disagree.
22. Make peace with your past so it won't spoil the present.
23. Don't compare your life to others'. You have no idea what their journey is all about. Don't compare your partner with others.
24. No one is in charge of your happiness except you.
25. Forgive everyone for everything.
26.. What other people think of you is none of your business.
27. However good or bad a situation is, it will change.
28. Your job won't take care of you when you are sick. Your friends will. Stay in touch.
29. Get rid of anything that isn't useful, beautiful or joyful.
30. Envy is a waste of time. You already have all you need.
31. The best is yet to come.
32. No matter how you feel, get up, dress up and show up.
33. Do the right thing!
34. Call your family often.
35. Your inner most is always happy. So be happy.
36. Each day give something good to others.
37. Don't over do. Keep your limits.
Tour informations
Places to see in Rameshwaram
Rameshwaram Temple
Ramar Padam
Hanuman Temple
Danushkodi Beach
Pamban Bridge
Vutrakosa Mangai Temple
ThiruPulani Temple
Ramnathapuram Palace
Devi Patnam
Rameshwaram Temple
Ramar Padam
Hanuman Temple
Danushkodi Beach
Pamban Bridge
Vutrakosa Mangai Temple
ThiruPulani Temple
Ramnathapuram Palace
Devi Patnam
First aid measures
Petrol bunk..... Pretty useful info.. also a safety concern..
This is a freak incident that happened last week. A young man and his 4 yr old son went to a petrol bunk near Lal bagh (Bangalore) to fill in petrol for his bike. The boy was sitting on the pillion behind him. The helper who fills petrol held the petrol gun upwards, and turned towards the meter to re-set the meter. As soon as the setting was done the petrol came out gushing out of the gun- due to some malfunction - (atleast that's what they said)in full speed and splashed all over the 4 yr old boy and his father. Petrol entered the eyes of the boy. Immiediately the boy was taken into the cleaning area and was showered in a water jet. They washed his eyes with lot of water. But the boy could not see anything. The young man took the child to the hospital and immediately the hospital authorities put him in ICU. The kid was transferred to Vittala Netralaya & after 2 days of treatment he got some vision again. Now he is alright and is at home. The doctors told that just because the water cleaning was done immediately, he has vision today otherwise the boy would have been blind by now. Petrol (along with impurities) can burn the tissues inside the eye.
Please take some precautions next time you are at a petrol bunk.
1. If the engine was in running condition, this cud have caused a major Fire. So Switich off the engine in bunks.
2. Drop small kids and the person sitting behind you outside the bunk and fill in petrol. Kids are more sensitive than grown ups.
3. Ask the petrol bunk helper boy to hold the gun down. Even if there is such an accident let the petrol flow down and not on your face.
This is a freak incident that happened last week. A young man and his 4 yr old son went to a petrol bunk near Lal bagh (Bangalore) to fill in petrol for his bike. The boy was sitting on the pillion behind him. The helper who fills petrol held the petrol gun upwards, and turned towards the meter to re-set the meter. As soon as the setting was done the petrol came out gushing out of the gun- due to some malfunction - (atleast that's what they said)in full speed and splashed all over the 4 yr old boy and his father. Petrol entered the eyes of the boy. Immiediately the boy was taken into the cleaning area and was showered in a water jet. They washed his eyes with lot of water. But the boy could not see anything. The young man took the child to the hospital and immediately the hospital authorities put him in ICU. The kid was transferred to Vittala Netralaya & after 2 days of treatment he got some vision again. Now he is alright and is at home. The doctors told that just because the water cleaning was done immediately, he has vision today otherwise the boy would have been blind by now. Petrol (along with impurities) can burn the tissues inside the eye.
Please take some precautions next time you are at a petrol bunk.
1. If the engine was in running condition, this cud have caused a major Fire. So Switich off the engine in bunks.
2. Drop small kids and the person sitting behind you outside the bunk and fill in petrol. Kids are more sensitive than grown ups.
3. Ask the petrol bunk helper boy to hold the gun down. Even if there is such an accident let the petrol flow down and not on your face.
Useful government websites
===================================================
You can download the birth certificate and death certificates from the http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in -
just go to the "Online Civic Services" option available at the left side in the web page and click the certicate link that u want to download -
1. Birth Certificate -
http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/online-civic-services/birthCertificate.do?do=show
2. Death Certificate -
http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/online-civic-services/deathCertificate.do?do=show
You can download the birth certificate and death certificates from the http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in -
just go to the "Online Civic Services" option available at the left side in the web page and click the certicate link that u want to download -
1. Birth Certificate -
http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/online-civic-services/birthCertificate.do?do=show
2. Death Certificate -
http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/online-civic-services/deathCertificate.do?do=show
Chennai bus routes
http://rab.in/bus/chennai/
http://www.mtcbus.org/Places.asp
http://www.shivamaha.com/places/chennai/busroute16.htm
http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/routes/routes_mtc.htm
http://www.mtcbus.org/Places.asp
http://www.shivamaha.com/places/chennai/busroute16.htm
http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/routes/routes_mtc.htm
Story behind your date of birth - very true
If U were born on the 1st, 10th, 19th, 28th of any month Ur number 1....
If U were born on the 2nd, 11th, 20th, 29th of any month then U r number 2...
If U were born on the 3rd, 12th, 21st, 30th of any month then U r number 3...
If U were born on the 4th, 13th, 22nd, 31st of any month then U r number 4...
If U were born on the 5th, 14th, 23rd of any month then U r number 5...
If U were born on the 6th,15th,24th of any month then U r number 6...
If U were born on the 7th,16th,25th of any month then U r number 7....
If U were born on the 8th,17th,26th of any month then U r number 8....
If U were born on the 9th,18th,27th of any month then U r number 9...
Number 1
You are smart, straight talking, funny, stubborn, hardworking, honest, jealous on competing basis, kind hearted, angry,friendly, authorities, famous person...always want to be and regarded as first on people position, they are often like to be independent,will never be under others, self confident people! You are most likely to fall in love in the younger age, but will get married when you mature! You are likely to have problems with people who have opposite views . And you are most likely to take revenge over your enemies in a long time basis. You are a spender, but you will have a good profession in the future. If you are guy you will be very popular that everybody will have mental attraction and respect at you. You can go anywhere from the local shop to the heart of the parliament because you are positive and well talented in numerous issues!! But in your life you will always have some people who will work hard to bring you your name down. This is undercover!! Coz of your smart behavior you will be hated by some people too...Your family life is very cool, you will have a very nice partner wonderful children....You are pioneer, independent original...
Your best match is 4,6,8 good match is 3,5,7 !!!
Number 2
No matter what, you will be loved by every one coz your ruler is the moon and every one loves the moon. Well.. You are a person who day dream a lot, you have very low-self confidence, you need back up for every move in your life, you are very much unpredictable. Means you do change according to time and circumstances, kind a selfish, have a very strong sense of musical, artistic talent, verbal communication.Your attitudes are like the moon, comes to gloom and fade away so everybody can expect changes in you. You can be a next Mahatma Gandhi who does peace love or you can be a Hitler who wants to destroy the man kind and peace (I mean in the community and your own home). If you really have a deep thought about your own believe in God you can feel the difference which will make you stronger! Most of the time your words are a kind of would be happening true! So without any knowledge you can predict the situation. You will become poets, writers, any artistic business people! You are not strong in love, so you will be there and here till you get marry... If U r a girl you will be a responsible woman in the whole family. If u r a man you will involve in fights arguments in the family or vice-versa. Means you will sacrifice your life for the goodness sake of your family...You are gentle , intuitive with a broad vision, a power behind the scenes, well balanced People!!!
Your best match is 2 ,5 ,9 no other people can put up with you !!!
Number 3
You are a person of hard hearted, selfish most of the times, religious, loves to climb up in your life.. You always tend to have lots of problems within your family in the early stages but you will put up with everything.. You have the strong word power, pretty happy face.. So wherever you go always you have got what you wanted and from the birth always wanted to work hard in order to achieve something.. You will not get anything without hard work! When you reach a man/woman age you want other younger ones to listen to you because you want younger people to respect people older than them. You do set so many examples to others. Generally you are not a cool person. It's not easy thing dealing with you. A tough player you are! But once you like someone's attitude then here you go, what can I say? It will be a lasting friendship. You always have respect from others. Your life seems to have lots of worries and problems but sure they won't be long.. You will always have brilliant kids!!! You love the money a bit too much so temptation will push you to endless trying and trying.. If you are a guy then it ' s over. Looking after your family and help friends, so you will spend a life time just being generous and kind (except 21st born men). And number 3s you will be such an example of how to be in the culture life!!! If you are girl then you have good character and culture hardworking attitude. You always follow. You are a freedom lover, creative, ambition focused, a person who brings beauty , hope joy to this world!!!
Your best match 6 ,9. Good match 1 ,3 ,5 !!!
Number 4
You are very stubborn too, very hard working but unlucky in important matters in life, very cool, helpful, you have rough word power.. Might put lots of people away from you, you may cause nuisance to others if you are a man, and you often understands others and their problems well. If you are a girl you are very good with studies and arts. If you are a guy you spend most of the time after girl friends (almost) at times, you will have sort of too much fun life with mates girls. Your friends will spend your time money and get away with their life and you will become empty handed and don't know what to do... So be careful!! You love to spend anyway!!! Your good will is you are always there to help family and friends. Tell you what you people are little gems, specially the girls.. You always fall in love in younger age as well. You often live with disappointments, for an example you have got a degree in something... but you will be unemployed... or will do very ordinary jobs. But you will take care of your family very well...All you need to be careful of people who will take advantage of your kind heart. And beware of your relations too... You are radical, patient, persistent, a bit old-fashioned, you live with foundation order...
Your best Match 1, 8. Good match 5 ,6 , 7 !!!
Number 5
You are very popular within the community, you can get things done by just chatting..to even enemies! You have a pretty good business mind, you are often have no-idea what is today is like, or tomorrow is like, you are a person who does anything when your head thinks "lets do this". You will be famous if you open up a business, get involve in share dealings, music etc.. Very popular with sense of humor ,you are the one your friends and families will always ask for help, and you are the one actually get money on credit and help your friends. You will have more than 1 relationship, but when u get settle down you will be a bit selfish anyway. Coz your other half will have a pretty good amount of control in you, be careful you tend to go for other relationships! Contacts even you are married at times ' coz your popularity.. You are someone who get along with anyone coz the number 5 is the middle number.. Changes freedom lovers you are! You are an explorer with magic on your face. You learn your life through experience and it's your best teacher!!!
Your best match 1 ,2 ,9. Good match 6 ,8 !!!
Number 6
Ooopppss..you are born to enjoy.. You don ' t care about others. I mean you are always want to enjoy your life time, you are a person.. You will be very good in either education or work wise or business management! You are talented, kind (but with only people who you think are nice), very beautiful girls and guys, popular and more than lucky with anything in your lives.. All the goodness does come with you. Your mind and body is just made perfect for love. You are lovable by any other numbers. But if you are a number 6 man, you will experience kind of looks from most girls and will involve in more than few relationships until you get married. If you are girl, most of you will get marry/engaged early. You are a caring person towards your family friends. If you miss the half-way mark then you are about to suffer physically and mentally. Generally you will lead a very good inner-home happiness with nothing short of.... You are a person of compassion, comfort fairness, domestic responsibility, good judgment, and after all you can heal this world wounds to make peace for every life coz you have the great power of caring talent to make this world of love one step further....
Your best match 1, 6, 9. Good match 4, 5!!!
Number 7
You have got the attraction to anyone out there, you are realistic, very confident, happy, such a talented individual with your education, music, arts, singing, and most importantly acting too. You have real problems with bad temper! If you are a girl, you are popular with the subjects listed above. You give up things for your parents. I mean you value your family status a lot, you will be in the top rank when you reach a certain age. If you are a guy you are popular with girls, you are a very talented too. Most of the number 7s face lots of problems with their marriage life. Only a very few are happy. You have everything in your life, but still always number 7s have some sort of unfullfilness, such worries all their lifetime. It ' s probably the Lord given you all sort of over the standard humans talents and you are about to suffer in family life. So you need to get ready looking for a partner rather than waiting. If you don ' t, then you might end-up single. So take care with this issue, ok? You are wonderful, friendly, artistic, happy person.. You are born to contribute lots to this world!!!
Your best match is 2. Good matches are 1,4 !!!
Number 8
You are a very strong personality, there ' s no one out there will understand you. You are very good at pointing your finger at some thing and say "this is what". You are more likely to suffer from the early ages. I mean poverty. If your times are not good you might lose either of your parent and end up looking after your entire family. You often suffer all the way in life. The problems will not allow you to study further, but you will learn the life in a very practical way. You are the one who will fight for justice and may die in the war too. You are normally very reserved with handful of friends and most of the time live life lonely and always prepared to help others. Well. once you get married (which is often late) then your bad lucks will go away a bit and you! u become safe. You will face un-expected problems such as : the error, government, poisonous animals, accidents. You are some one with great discipline, persistence, courage, strength which will take you to success. You are a great part of a family team. You are a fighter!
Your Best match 1 ,4, 8. Good match 5 !!!
Number 9
Hey...you guys are the incompatibles people in the world. You are so strong, physically and mentally... You are often have big-aims. You will work hard and hard to get there.. Normally you suffer in the early age from family problems and generally you will have fighting life.. But when you achieve what you have done, it ' s always a big task you have done! You are so much respected in the community, you are a person who can make a challenge and successfully finish the matter off. You are very naughty in your younger age, often beaten up by your parents and involve in fights and you seemed to have lots of injuries in your life time. But when u grow you become calm and macho type. Love is not an easy matter for you. You are good in engineering or banking jobs 'coz people always trust you. Your family life is very good, but will have worries over your children. Your such qualities are humanitarian, patient, very wise compassionate. You are born to achieve targets and serve every one all equally without any prejudice. You are totally a role model to anybody in the world for a great inspiration.
Your Best match 3, 5, 6, 9. Good match 2
Get back lost mobile
If u lose your mobile, Got an interesting fact to share.. Nowadays each one of us carry Hi Fi Mobile devices and always fear that it may be stolen.
Each mobile carries a unique IMEI i.e. International Mobile Identity No
Which can be used to track your mobile anywhere in the world.
This is how it works!!!!!!
1. Dial *#06# from your mobile.
2. Your mobile shows a unique 15 digit .
3. Note down this no anywhere but except your mobile as this is the no which will help trace your mobile in case of a theft.
4. Once stolen you just have to mail this 15 digit IMEI no. to cop@vsnl.net
5. No need to go to police.
6. Your Mobile will be traced within next 24 hrs via a complex system of GPRS and internet.
7. You will find where your hand set is being operated even in case your no is being changed.
PASS ON THIS VERY IMP MESSAGE TO ALL YOUR FRIENDS AND RELATIVES.
If u lose your mobile, send an e-mail to cop@vsnl.net with the following info.
Your name:
Address:
Phone model:
Make:
Last used No.:
E-mail for communication:
Missed date:
IMEI No.:
Each mobile carries a unique IMEI i.e. International Mobile Identity No
Which can be used to track your mobile anywhere in the world.
This is how it works!!!!!!
1. Dial *#06# from your mobile.
2. Your mobile shows a unique 15 digit .
3. Note down this no anywhere but except your mobile as this is the no which will help trace your mobile in case of a theft.
4. Once stolen you just have to mail this 15 digit IMEI no. to cop@vsnl.net
5. No need to go to police.
6. Your Mobile will be traced within next 24 hrs via a complex system of GPRS and internet.
7. You will find where your hand set is being operated even in case your no is being changed.
PASS ON THIS VERY IMP MESSAGE TO ALL YOUR FRIENDS AND RELATIVES.
If u lose your mobile, send an e-mail to cop@vsnl.net with the following info.
Your name:
Address:
Phone model:
Make:
Last used No.:
E-mail for communication:
Missed date:
IMEI No.:
Cooking tips
Lemon juice when added to fruit like apples, bananas after cutting, and tossed lightly will prevent them from turning blackish immediately. This job can be simplified by using a small spray bottle spray the fruit.
Add a few drops of lemon juice to rice, while it is cooking. This will keep the grain from breaking easily.
Do not discard leftover mojo sauce. Add as a seasoning to clear and tomato or other similar soups.
One may marinate the vegetables prior in some vinegar, garlic and chilli if desired. This will give a more piquant taste to the stew.
To avoid a layer form on any thick liquid preparation while cooling (for eg. Basundi, tamarind chutney, custard etc.),spinkle some granules of sugar over the surface of the dish.
Lightly roast garlic flakes, rub between the folds of a piece of cloth. The skins will come off easily.
Try recipes of mangoes with different varieties, to get a variation in flavours, taste as well as colour, since they range from pale yellow (malgoba) to the deep orange (kesari and dusseri) varieties.
Always crush icecubes well before putting under an electrical hand mixer for Blending. Using whole cubes, can result in the mixer head breaking and flying To pieces.
Always powder citric acid crystals before adding to any preserve or murabba, etc. It will blend into the recipe much better and faster.
Choose the smaller, flat, thin skinned tomatoes, for making sauces. They will not only give better quality sauce, flavour will also be better. Even the residue to get puree will be much lesser.
Tamarind tends to get very thick on grinding. So save some water to add to the last churning, or To run in mixie, after having emptied it by inverting into container. The stuck paste will dilute Easily, when machine is run for a few seconds. Therefore cleaning is simplified and wastage Minimised.
While making dosas or chapattis pour oil 1 inch inside the outer border of the dosa or chapatti so that the oil does not flow out and spoil the non stick coating. - Deepa
Never store pastes in open bowls or jars. The smell will permeate milk, butter, cheese, veggies, Fruit, other dishes and even icecubes, and the damage will be irreversible. This is because of High content of garlic in many pastes.
Never make a paste of raw onions if you want to keep it for any amount of time. It will turn Bitter. Always fry them in a little oil, and then grind.
Grind thick masala pastes on a stone grinder if possible. Since you would be using lesser water. The taste and texture would also be much better.
Avoid cooking sour dishes (like tamirind based dishes) in non stick pans coz the sourness will remove coating faster. - Deepa
Pour a little water (about 1 cup for a 3 litre vessel) in vessel in which you would boil milk. Then, pour in the milk. Heat container and bring milk to boil, without stirring. This way the milk will not scald at the bottom of the Container. Take care to rinse vessel with clean water before using.
Boil peelings of raw mango, in containers like pressure cookers, aluminium skillets, etc. to make them come out clean and shiny.
Smash half a boiled potato, add a bit of water, and convert to a smooth paste (use a small mixie for convenience) and add to any soup to thicken and add body, if you have run out of cornflour.
Add a lemon and onion to the vessel in which potatoes are boiled, add some water and boil a few minutes. Drain and wash with dishwashing soap. Will keep the vessel from discolouring.
Always keep slit or chopped brinjals in salted water, till required. Remove and use as per recipe, when required. This will keep them from turning black, which happens when they are kept otherwise, in a matter of minutes.
Keep pan in which any vegetables are cooked, covered, after taking off fire, aside, for a few minutes. This will help the vegetable absorb the juices in. This also allow the hot vessel to blend the flavours slowly, to make the vegtable better, generally.
To give abetter flavour to pureed onion, pierce onion with a long fork. Roast over direct flame turning all around, till out 2 layers are burnt. Wash burnt layers under running water, chop and puree onion.
To chop onions without tears, slit a clean transparent plastic bag from base, so that both sides are open. Place board, and hands inside this and chop onions with the bag forming a loose out casing.
Peel onions easily by dropping them into boiling water and covering. 3 minutes for small varieties, and 5 minutes for the large varieties. Cut a small cross in the root base for larger ones, to prevent from bursting in the water.
Rub slices of onion on dosa tawa (griddle) before spreading dosas. This will avoid the dosa from stubbornly sticking to the griddle or tawa.
To roast large brinjals on an electric stove top, slice vertically into half right through the stem. Make shallow criss-cross cuts on the cut surface, then apply a light film of oil on all surfaces. Roast both halves together on medium heat (turning now and then) for about 20 minutes. Then raise to high heat and roast for a few more minutes, till soft and limp and both sides are black. Cool thoroughly, then carefully peel the skins off both sides.(Wipe over with damp fingers to clean). Mash and use as required. - arunrao@one.net.au
Use leftover salads in making a nice hot pulao. Steam rice, add a few spices, masalas, salad, cheese if desired, salt and toss well. Cover and simmer till very hot.
To crush chillies fine, run in a small electric grinder with a pinch of salt. This will Remove with a rubber spatula. This will save a lot of time on chopping, as also it will Keep the hands safe from handling chillies. Even one or two chillies can be done Easily this way.
One tsp. soyaflour, with 3-4 pinches salt, 1/2 tsp. cream and 1/2 tsp. olive oil, mixed together and rubbed gently on skin make an excellent exfoliator for skin. Apply on face, rub with slow gentle strokes till you feel the skin tingling. Wash off with running water, and dab dry with soft towel.
Read more: http://www.awesomecuisine.com/foodguide/9/Tips-on-Healthy-Cooking.html#ixzz0Q2fx7LTE
Add a few drops of lemon juice to rice, while it is cooking. This will keep the grain from breaking easily.
Do not discard leftover mojo sauce. Add as a seasoning to clear and tomato or other similar soups.
One may marinate the vegetables prior in some vinegar, garlic and chilli if desired. This will give a more piquant taste to the stew.
To avoid a layer form on any thick liquid preparation while cooling (for eg. Basundi, tamarind chutney, custard etc.),spinkle some granules of sugar over the surface of the dish.
Lightly roast garlic flakes, rub between the folds of a piece of cloth. The skins will come off easily.
Try recipes of mangoes with different varieties, to get a variation in flavours, taste as well as colour, since they range from pale yellow (malgoba) to the deep orange (kesari and dusseri) varieties.
Always crush icecubes well before putting under an electrical hand mixer for Blending. Using whole cubes, can result in the mixer head breaking and flying To pieces.
Always powder citric acid crystals before adding to any preserve or murabba, etc. It will blend into the recipe much better and faster.
Choose the smaller, flat, thin skinned tomatoes, for making sauces. They will not only give better quality sauce, flavour will also be better. Even the residue to get puree will be much lesser.
Tamarind tends to get very thick on grinding. So save some water to add to the last churning, or To run in mixie, after having emptied it by inverting into container. The stuck paste will dilute Easily, when machine is run for a few seconds. Therefore cleaning is simplified and wastage Minimised.
While making dosas or chapattis pour oil 1 inch inside the outer border of the dosa or chapatti so that the oil does not flow out and spoil the non stick coating. - Deepa
Never store pastes in open bowls or jars. The smell will permeate milk, butter, cheese, veggies, Fruit, other dishes and even icecubes, and the damage will be irreversible. This is because of High content of garlic in many pastes.
Never make a paste of raw onions if you want to keep it for any amount of time. It will turn Bitter. Always fry them in a little oil, and then grind.
Grind thick masala pastes on a stone grinder if possible. Since you would be using lesser water. The taste and texture would also be much better.
Avoid cooking sour dishes (like tamirind based dishes) in non stick pans coz the sourness will remove coating faster. - Deepa
Pour a little water (about 1 cup for a 3 litre vessel) in vessel in which you would boil milk. Then, pour in the milk. Heat container and bring milk to boil, without stirring. This way the milk will not scald at the bottom of the Container. Take care to rinse vessel with clean water before using.
Boil peelings of raw mango, in containers like pressure cookers, aluminium skillets, etc. to make them come out clean and shiny.
Smash half a boiled potato, add a bit of water, and convert to a smooth paste (use a small mixie for convenience) and add to any soup to thicken and add body, if you have run out of cornflour.
Add a lemon and onion to the vessel in which potatoes are boiled, add some water and boil a few minutes. Drain and wash with dishwashing soap. Will keep the vessel from discolouring.
Always keep slit or chopped brinjals in salted water, till required. Remove and use as per recipe, when required. This will keep them from turning black, which happens when they are kept otherwise, in a matter of minutes.
Keep pan in which any vegetables are cooked, covered, after taking off fire, aside, for a few minutes. This will help the vegetable absorb the juices in. This also allow the hot vessel to blend the flavours slowly, to make the vegtable better, generally.
To give abetter flavour to pureed onion, pierce onion with a long fork. Roast over direct flame turning all around, till out 2 layers are burnt. Wash burnt layers under running water, chop and puree onion.
To chop onions without tears, slit a clean transparent plastic bag from base, so that both sides are open. Place board, and hands inside this and chop onions with the bag forming a loose out casing.
Peel onions easily by dropping them into boiling water and covering. 3 minutes for small varieties, and 5 minutes for the large varieties. Cut a small cross in the root base for larger ones, to prevent from bursting in the water.
Rub slices of onion on dosa tawa (griddle) before spreading dosas. This will avoid the dosa from stubbornly sticking to the griddle or tawa.
To roast large brinjals on an electric stove top, slice vertically into half right through the stem. Make shallow criss-cross cuts on the cut surface, then apply a light film of oil on all surfaces. Roast both halves together on medium heat (turning now and then) for about 20 minutes. Then raise to high heat and roast for a few more minutes, till soft and limp and both sides are black. Cool thoroughly, then carefully peel the skins off both sides.(Wipe over with damp fingers to clean). Mash and use as required. - arunrao@one.net.au
Use leftover salads in making a nice hot pulao. Steam rice, add a few spices, masalas, salad, cheese if desired, salt and toss well. Cover and simmer till very hot.
To crush chillies fine, run in a small electric grinder with a pinch of salt. This will Remove with a rubber spatula. This will save a lot of time on chopping, as also it will Keep the hands safe from handling chillies. Even one or two chillies can be done Easily this way.
One tsp. soyaflour, with 3-4 pinches salt, 1/2 tsp. cream and 1/2 tsp. olive oil, mixed together and rubbed gently on skin make an excellent exfoliator for skin. Apply on face, rub with slow gentle strokes till you feel the skin tingling. Wash off with running water, and dab dry with soft towel.
Read more: http://www.awesomecuisine.com/foodguide/9/Tips-on-Healthy-Cooking.html#ixzz0Q2fx7LTE
Seven Mudras for Amazing Health Benefits
Health in Your Hand: Seven Mudras for Amazing Health Benefits
Mudras are very powerful. If you practice these mudras regularly you can see the wonderful health benefits.
1. Gyan Mudra (Mudra of Knowledge):
Method:
Touch the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index finger, with the other three fingers stretched out.
Specialty:
As it is a mudra of knowledge, it enhances the knowledge. The tip of thumb has centers of pituitary and endocrine glands. When we press these centers by index finger the two glands work actively.
Time duration:
There is no particular time duration for this mudra. You can practice by sitting, standing or lying on bed whenever and wherever you have time.
Benefits:
o Increases memory power and sharpens the brain
o Enhances concentration and prevents Insomnia
o If we practice it regularly, it will cure all psychological disorders like Mental, Hysteria, Anger and Depression
2. Prithvi Mudra (Mudra of Earth):
Method:
Tip of the ring finger touches the tip of the thumb, with the other three fingers stretched out.
Specialty:
It reduces all physical weaknesses.
Time Duration:
It has no particular time duration. You can practice it any time you want.
Benefits:
o It helps to increase the weight for weak people
o It improves the complexion of skin and makes the skin to glow
o It makes the body active by keeping it healthy
3. Varuna Mudra (Mudra of Water):
Method:
Tip of little finger touches the tip of thumb, with the other three fingers stretched out.
Specialty:
It balances the water content and prevents all diseases which come due to lack of water.
Time Duration:
It has no specific time duration and one can practice it according to their time.
Benefits:
o It retains clarity in blood by balancing water content in the body
o Prevents the pains of Gastroenteritis and Muscle Shrinkage
4. Vayu Mudra (Mudra of Air):
Method:
Keep the index finger on the base of the thumb and press with thumb keeping the other three fingers straight.
Specialty:
It prevents all the diseases that occur due to the imbalance of the air.
Time Duration:
The practice of this mudra for 45 minutes reduces the severity of the disease in 12 to 24 hours. For better results practice it for two months.
Benefits:
o It cures Rheumatism, Arthritis, Gout, Parkinson's disease and paralysis without any medicine
o It is useful for Cervical Spondilytis, paralysis to face and catching of nerve in neck
o It corrects the disorder of gas in the stomach
5. Shunya Mudra (Mudra of Emptiness):
Method:
Keep the middle finger at the mount of Venus and press it with thumb.
Specialty:
It reduces the dullness in our body.
Time Duration:
One can practice it for 40 to 60 minutes daily until to be cured from the disease.
Benefits:
o It relieves an earache within 4 or 5 minutes
o It is useful for the deaf and mentally challenged, but not for inborn ones.
6. Surya Mudra (Mudra of Sun):
Method:
Bend the ring finger and press it with thumb.
Specialty:
It sharpens the center in thyroid gland.
Time Duration:
Practice it daily twice for 5 to 15 minutes.
Benefits:
o It reduces cholesterol in body and helps in reducing weight
o It reduces anxiety
o It corrects indigestion problems
7. Prana Mudra (Mudra of Life):
Method:
Bend ring finger and little finger and touch the tip of thumb with their tips keeping the remaining two fingers stretched.
Specialty:
As it is the mudra of life, it improves the power of life. Weak people become strong. It reduces the clamps in blood vessels. If we practice it regularly, we will become active.
Time Duration:
No specific time duration. One can practice it any time.
Benefits:
o It improves immunity
o Improves the power of eyes and reduces eye related diseases
o It removes the vitamin deficiency and fatigue
8. Apana Mudra (Mudra of Digestion):
Method:
The tips of middle finger and ring finger touch the tip of thumb while the other two fingers are stretched out.
Specialty:
It plays an important role in our health as it regulates the excretory system.
Time Duration:
Practice it daily for 45 minutes, but practice for longer time yields more benefits.
Benefits:
o It regulates diabetes
o It cures constipation and piles
o It helps excreting the normal waste regularly
9. Apana Vayu Mudra (Mudra of Heart):
Method:
The tips of the middle finger and ring finger touch the tip of thumb, while the index finger touches the base of thumb and little finger stretched out.
Specialty:
It benefits the heart. It works like injection in the reduction of heart attack. It is as powerful as sorbitate tablet. It reduces the gas content in body.
Time Duration:
Practice it as many times as you can. Heart patients and BP patients can practice it for 15 minutes daily twice for better results.
Benefits:
o It strengthens the heart and regularizes palpitation
o It regulates excretory system
o It redeems gastric trouble
10. Linga Mudra (Mudra of Heat):
Method:
Interlock the fingers of both the hands and keep the thumb of the left hand vertically straight and encircle it with the thumb and the index finger of the right hand..
Specialty:
It generates heat in our body. Take milk, ghee, more water and fruit juices in addition to practice of this mudra for much benefits.
Time Duration:
Practice it any time you want. But don't practice it a lot as it produces heat in the body.. It can cause sweating even in winter if you practice it longer.
Benefits:
o It stops production of phlegm and gives power to lungs
o It cures severe cold and bronchial infection
o It invigorates the body
It is amazing but true. If you want to see the results, start today!
Mudras are very powerful. If you practice these mudras regularly you can see the wonderful health benefits.
1. Gyan Mudra (Mudra of Knowledge):
Method:
Touch the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index finger, with the other three fingers stretched out.
Specialty:
As it is a mudra of knowledge, it enhances the knowledge. The tip of thumb has centers of pituitary and endocrine glands. When we press these centers by index finger the two glands work actively.
Time duration:
There is no particular time duration for this mudra. You can practice by sitting, standing or lying on bed whenever and wherever you have time.
Benefits:
o Increases memory power and sharpens the brain
o Enhances concentration and prevents Insomnia
o If we practice it regularly, it will cure all psychological disorders like Mental, Hysteria, Anger and Depression
2. Prithvi Mudra (Mudra of Earth):
Method:
Tip of the ring finger touches the tip of the thumb, with the other three fingers stretched out.
Specialty:
It reduces all physical weaknesses.
Time Duration:
It has no particular time duration. You can practice it any time you want.
Benefits:
o It helps to increase the weight for weak people
o It improves the complexion of skin and makes the skin to glow
o It makes the body active by keeping it healthy
3. Varuna Mudra (Mudra of Water):
Method:
Tip of little finger touches the tip of thumb, with the other three fingers stretched out.
Specialty:
It balances the water content and prevents all diseases which come due to lack of water.
Time Duration:
It has no specific time duration and one can practice it according to their time.
Benefits:
o It retains clarity in blood by balancing water content in the body
o Prevents the pains of Gastroenteritis and Muscle Shrinkage
4. Vayu Mudra (Mudra of Air):
Method:
Keep the index finger on the base of the thumb and press with thumb keeping the other three fingers straight.
Specialty:
It prevents all the diseases that occur due to the imbalance of the air.
Time Duration:
The practice of this mudra for 45 minutes reduces the severity of the disease in 12 to 24 hours. For better results practice it for two months.
Benefits:
o It cures Rheumatism, Arthritis, Gout, Parkinson's disease and paralysis without any medicine
o It is useful for Cervical Spondilytis, paralysis to face and catching of nerve in neck
o It corrects the disorder of gas in the stomach
5. Shunya Mudra (Mudra of Emptiness):
Method:
Keep the middle finger at the mount of Venus and press it with thumb.
Specialty:
It reduces the dullness in our body.
Time Duration:
One can practice it for 40 to 60 minutes daily until to be cured from the disease.
Benefits:
o It relieves an earache within 4 or 5 minutes
o It is useful for the deaf and mentally challenged, but not for inborn ones.
6. Surya Mudra (Mudra of Sun):
Method:
Bend the ring finger and press it with thumb.
Specialty:
It sharpens the center in thyroid gland.
Time Duration:
Practice it daily twice for 5 to 15 minutes.
Benefits:
o It reduces cholesterol in body and helps in reducing weight
o It reduces anxiety
o It corrects indigestion problems
7. Prana Mudra (Mudra of Life):
Method:
Bend ring finger and little finger and touch the tip of thumb with their tips keeping the remaining two fingers stretched.
Specialty:
As it is the mudra of life, it improves the power of life. Weak people become strong. It reduces the clamps in blood vessels. If we practice it regularly, we will become active.
Time Duration:
No specific time duration. One can practice it any time.
Benefits:
o It improves immunity
o Improves the power of eyes and reduces eye related diseases
o It removes the vitamin deficiency and fatigue
8. Apana Mudra (Mudra of Digestion):
Method:
The tips of middle finger and ring finger touch the tip of thumb while the other two fingers are stretched out.
Specialty:
It plays an important role in our health as it regulates the excretory system.
Time Duration:
Practice it daily for 45 minutes, but practice for longer time yields more benefits.
Benefits:
o It regulates diabetes
o It cures constipation and piles
o It helps excreting the normal waste regularly
9. Apana Vayu Mudra (Mudra of Heart):
Method:
The tips of the middle finger and ring finger touch the tip of thumb, while the index finger touches the base of thumb and little finger stretched out.
Specialty:
It benefits the heart. It works like injection in the reduction of heart attack. It is as powerful as sorbitate tablet. It reduces the gas content in body.
Time Duration:
Practice it as many times as you can. Heart patients and BP patients can practice it for 15 minutes daily twice for better results.
Benefits:
o It strengthens the heart and regularizes palpitation
o It regulates excretory system
o It redeems gastric trouble
10. Linga Mudra (Mudra of Heat):
Method:
Interlock the fingers of both the hands and keep the thumb of the left hand vertically straight and encircle it with the thumb and the index finger of the right hand..
Specialty:
It generates heat in our body. Take milk, ghee, more water and fruit juices in addition to practice of this mudra for much benefits.
Time Duration:
Practice it any time you want. But don't practice it a lot as it produces heat in the body.. It can cause sweating even in winter if you practice it longer.
Benefits:
o It stops production of phlegm and gives power to lungs
o It cures severe cold and bronchial infection
o It invigorates the body
It is amazing but true. If you want to see the results, start today!
7 dont's after a meal
7 dont's after a meal
* Don't smoke- Experiment from experts proves that smoking a cigarette after meal is comparable to smoking 10 cigarettes (chances of cancer is higher). (Very Very Important)
* Don't eat fruits immediately - Immediately eating fruits after meals will cause stomach to be bloated with air. Therefore take fruit 1-2 hr after meal or 1hr before meal.
* Don't drink tea - Because tea leaves contain a high content of acid.This substance will cause the Protein content in the food we consume to be hardened thus difficult to digest.
* Don't loosen your belt - Loosening the belt after a meal will easily cause the intestine to be twisted &blocked.
* Don't bathe - Bathing will cause the increase of blood flow to the hands, legs & body thus the amount of blood around the stomach will therefore decrease. This will weaken the digestive system in our stomach.
* Don't walk about - People always say that after a meal walk a hundred steps and you will live till 99. In actual fact this is not true. Walking will cause the digestive system to be unable to absorb the nutrition from the food we intake.
* Don't sleep immediately - The food we intake will not be able to digest properly. Thus will lead to gastric & infection in our intestine.
* Don't smoke- Experiment from experts proves that smoking a cigarette after meal is comparable to smoking 10 cigarettes (chances of cancer is higher). (Very Very Important)
* Don't eat fruits immediately - Immediately eating fruits after meals will cause stomach to be bloated with air. Therefore take fruit 1-2 hr after meal or 1hr before meal.
* Don't drink tea - Because tea leaves contain a high content of acid.This substance will cause the Protein content in the food we consume to be hardened thus difficult to digest.
* Don't loosen your belt - Loosening the belt after a meal will easily cause the intestine to be twisted &blocked.
* Don't bathe - Bathing will cause the increase of blood flow to the hands, legs & body thus the amount of blood around the stomach will therefore decrease. This will weaken the digestive system in our stomach.
* Don't walk about - People always say that after a meal walk a hundred steps and you will live till 99. In actual fact this is not true. Walking will cause the digestive system to be unable to absorb the nutrition from the food we intake.
* Don't sleep immediately - The food we intake will not be able to digest properly. Thus will lead to gastric & infection in our intestine.
Inventions and Discoveries
A
Air Brake : George Westinghouse, U.S.A. 1911.
Air Conditioning : Willis Carrier, U.S.A. 1911.
Airplane : engine-powered, Wilbur & Orville Wright, U.S.A., 1903.
Airship : Henri Giffard, France, 1852; Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.
Antibiotics : Louis Pasteur, Jules-Francois Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928.
Antiseptic : (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.
Aspirin : Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.
Atom : (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.
Atomic Structure : Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) : Don Wetzel, U.S.A., 1968.
Automobile : (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rmp) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical highspeed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) Rene Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S.A., 1892.
Autopilot : (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.
B
Bacteria : Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
Bakelite : Leo Hendrik Baekeland, U.S.A., 1907.
Ball Bearing : Philip Vaughan, England, 1794.
Ballon, Hot-air : Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.
Bar Codes : Monarch Marking, U.S.A. 1970.
Barometer : Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.
Bicycle : Karl D. von Sauebronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.
Big Bang Theory : (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamov, U.S.A., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S.A. 1965.
Blood, Circulation of : William Harvey, England, 1628.
Bomb, Atomic : J. Robert Oppenheimer et al., U.S.A., 1945.
Bomb, Thermonuclear (hydrogen) : Edward Teller et al., U.S.A., 1952.
Boyle’s Law : (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.
Braille : Louis Braille, France, 1829.
Bridges : (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S.A., 1820.
Bullet : (conical) Claude Minie, France, 1849.
C
Calculating Machine : (logarithms) John Napierm Scotland, 1614; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.
Camera : George Eastman, U.S.A., 1888; (Polaroid) Edwin Land, U.S.A., 1948
Car Radio : William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S.A. 1929.
Cells : Robert Hooke, England, 1665.
Chewing Gum : John Curtis, U.S.A., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S.A., 1870.
Cholera Bacterium : Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.
Circuit, Integrated : (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S.A., 1959.
Clock, Pendulum : Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.
Clock, Quartz : Warren A. Marrison, Canada/U.S.A., 1927.
Cloning, Animal : John B. Gurdon, U.K., 1970.
Coca-Cola : John Pemberton, U.S.A., 1886.
Combustion : Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.
Compact Disk : RCA, U.S.A., 1972.
Compact Disk (CD) : Philips Electronics, The Netherlands; Sony Corp., Japan, 1980.
Computed Tomography
(CT scan, CAT scan) : Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan Cormack, U.K. U.S.A., 1972
Computers : (analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S.A., 1945; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S.A., 1976.
Computer Laptop : Radio Shack Corp., U.S.A., 1983.
Concrete : Joseph Monier, France, 1877.
D
DDT : Othmar Zeidler, Germany, 1874.
Detector, Metal : Gerhard Fisher, Germany/U.S.A., late 1920s.
Deuterium : (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S.A., 1931.
DNA : (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson, U.S.A., 1953.
Dye : William H. Perkin, England, 1856.
Dynamite : Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.
E
Electric Generator (dynamo) : (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S.A., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.
Electron : Sir Joseph J. Thompson, U.S.A., 1897.
Electronic Mail : Ray Tomlinson, U.S.A., 1972.
Elevator, Passenger : Elisha G. Otis, U.S.A., 1852.
E=mc2 :(equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.
Engine, Internal Combustion : No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wanket, Germany, 1956.
Evolution : : (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.
F
Facsimile (fax) : Alexander Bain, Scotland, 1842.
Fiber Optics : Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.
Film Photographic : George Eastman, U.S.A., 1884.
Flashlight, Battery-operated Portable : Conrad Hubert, Russia/U.S.A., 1899
Flask, Vacuum (Thermos) : Sir James Dewar, Scotland, 1892.
Fuel Cell : William R. Grove, U.K., 1839
G
Genetic Engineering : Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, U.S.A., 1973.
Gravitation, Law of : Sir Issac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).
Gunpowder : China, c.700.
Gyrocompass : Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., 1905.
Gyroscope : Jean Leon Foucault, France, 1852.
H
Helicopter : (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Silorsky, U.S.A., 1939.
Helium First Observed on Sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.
Home Videotape Systems
(VCR) : (Betamax) Sony, Japan, (1975); (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.
I
Ice Age Theory : Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.
Insulin : (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.
Internet : Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of Defense, U.S.A., 1969.
Iron, Electric : Henry W. Seely, U.S.A., 1882.
Isotopes : Frederick Soddy, England, 1912.
J
Jet Propulsion : (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.
L
Laser : (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S.A. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S.A., 1960.
LCD (liquid crystal display) : Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.
Lens, Bifocal : Benjamin Franklin, U.S.A., c.1760.
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) : Nick Holonyak, Jr., U.S.A., 1962.
Light, Speed of : (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.
Locomotive : (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy”, U.S.A., 1941.
Loud Speaker : Chester W. Rice, Edward W. Kellogg, U.S.A., 1924.
M
Machine Gun : (multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S.A., 1862; (single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.
Magnet, Earth is : William Gilbert, England, 1600.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) : Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, U.S.A., early 1970s.
Matchstick/box : (phosphorus) Francois Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.
Metric System : Revolutionary government of France, 1790-1801.
Microphone : Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.
Microscope : (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S.A., Canada, Germany, 1932-1939.
Microwave Oven : Percy Spencer, U.S.A., 1947.
Missile, Guided : Wernher von Braun, Germany, 1942.
Motion, Laws of : Isaac Newton, England, 1687.
Motion Pictures : Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1893.
Motion Pictures, Sound : Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score : Don Juan, 1926; with spoken diologue : The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.
Motor, Electric : Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.
Motorcycle : (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.
Moving Assembly Line : Henry Ford, U.S.A., 1913.
N
Neutron : James Chadwick, England, 1932.
Nuclear Fission : Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.
Nuclear Reactor : Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.
Nylon : Wallace H. Carothers, U.S.A., 1937.
O
Ozone : Christian Schonbein, Germany, 1839.
P
Pacemaker : Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S.A., 1957.
Paper : China, c.100 A.D.
Parachute : Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.
Pen : (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S.A., 1884; (ball-point) John H. Loud, U.S.A., 1888; Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.
Phonograph : Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1877.
Photography : (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicephore Niepce, France, 1816-1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate) Louis Dagauerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848-1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S.A. 1935.
Photovoltaic Effect : (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.
Planetary Motion, Laws of : Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.
Plastics : (first material nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S.A., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S.A., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922; (polypropylene and low-pressure method for producing high-density polyethylene) Robert Banks, Paul Hogan, U.S.A., 1958.
Polio, Vaccine : (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S.A., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S.A. 1954; (available in the U.S.A.) 1960.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : Eugen Baumann, Germany, 1872.
Printing : (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400, Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450; (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S.A. 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S.A., 1884.
Printing Press, Movable Type : Johannes Gutenburg, Germany, c.1450.
Proton : Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.
Pulsars : Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.
Q
Quantum Theory : (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, Germany, 1925.
R
Rabies Immunization : Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.
Radar : (limited range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S.A., 1925; (first practical radar-radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934-1935.
Radio : (electromagnetism theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Macroni, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1912; (frequency modulation-FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1933.
Radiocarbon Dating, Carbon-14 Method : (discovered) Willard F. Libby, U.S.A., 1947; (first demonstrated) U.S.A., 1950.
Razor : (safety) King Gillette, U.S.A., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S.A., 1928, 1931.
Refrigerator : Alexander Twining, U.S.A., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S.A., 1913.
Remote Control, Television : Robert Adler, U.S.A., 1950.
Richter Scale : Charles F. Richter, U.S.A., 1935.
Rifle : (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S.A., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S.A., 1918.
Rocket : (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S.A., 1926.
Rotation of Earth : Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.
Rubber : (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S.A., 1839.
S
Saccharin : Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S.A., 1879.
Safety Pin : Walter Hunt, U.S.A., 1849.
Saturn, Ring Around : Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.
Seismograph : (first accurate) John Bohlin, Sweden, 1962.
Sewing Machine : Elias Howe, U.S.A., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S.A., 1851.
Spectrum : Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665-1666.
Steam Engine : Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782; (high-pressure) Oliver Evans, U.S.A., 1804.
Steel, Stainless : Harry Brearley, U.K., 1914.
Stethoscope : Rene Laennec, France, 1819.
Submarine : Cornelis Drebbel, The Netherlands, 1620.
T
Tank, Military : Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.
Tape Recorder : Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.
Teflon : DuPont, U.S.A., 1943.
Telegraph : Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S.A., 1837.
Telephone : Alexander Graham Bell, U.S.A., 1837.
Telephoe, Mobile : Bell Laboratories, U.S.A., 1946.
Telescope : Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.
Television : Vladimir Zworykin, U.S.A., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube) 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demaonstrated by J. L. Baird, Scotland, C. F. Jenkins, U.S.A., 1926; (first all-electric television image) Philo T. Famsworth, U.S.A., 1927; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S.A., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S.A., National Television Systems committee, 1953.
Thermodynamics : (first law : energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one from to another) Julius Von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law : heat cannot itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law : the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernstm Germany, 1918.
Thermometer : (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
Tire, Pneumatic : Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.
Transformer, Electric : William Stanely, U.S.A., 1885.
Transistor : John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S.A., 1947.
Typewriter : Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S.A., 1867.
V
Velcro : George de Mestral, Switzerland, 1948.
Video Disk : Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.
Vitamins : (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S.A., 1912-1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S.A., 1915-1916; (thiamin B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; ( riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S.A., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S.A., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S.A., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S.A., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.
W
Wheel : (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800-3600 B.C.
Windmill : Persia, c.600.
World Wide Web : (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S.A., 1993.
X
X-ray Imaging : Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Germany, 1895.
Xerography : Chester Carlson, U.S.A., 1900.
Z
Zero : India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
Air Brake : George Westinghouse, U.S.A. 1911.
Air Conditioning : Willis Carrier, U.S.A. 1911.
Airplane : engine-powered, Wilbur & Orville Wright, U.S.A., 1903.
Airship : Henri Giffard, France, 1852; Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.
Antibiotics : Louis Pasteur, Jules-Francois Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928.
Antiseptic : (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.
Aspirin : Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.
Atom : (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.
Atomic Structure : Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) : Don Wetzel, U.S.A., 1968.
Automobile : (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rmp) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical highspeed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) Rene Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S.A., 1892.
Autopilot : (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.
B
Bacteria : Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
Bakelite : Leo Hendrik Baekeland, U.S.A., 1907.
Ball Bearing : Philip Vaughan, England, 1794.
Ballon, Hot-air : Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.
Bar Codes : Monarch Marking, U.S.A. 1970.
Barometer : Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.
Bicycle : Karl D. von Sauebronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.
Big Bang Theory : (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamov, U.S.A., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S.A. 1965.
Blood, Circulation of : William Harvey, England, 1628.
Bomb, Atomic : J. Robert Oppenheimer et al., U.S.A., 1945.
Bomb, Thermonuclear (hydrogen) : Edward Teller et al., U.S.A., 1952.
Boyle’s Law : (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.
Braille : Louis Braille, France, 1829.
Bridges : (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S.A., 1820.
Bullet : (conical) Claude Minie, France, 1849.
C
Calculating Machine : (logarithms) John Napierm Scotland, 1614; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.
Camera : George Eastman, U.S.A., 1888; (Polaroid) Edwin Land, U.S.A., 1948
Car Radio : William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S.A. 1929.
Cells : Robert Hooke, England, 1665.
Chewing Gum : John Curtis, U.S.A., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S.A., 1870.
Cholera Bacterium : Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.
Circuit, Integrated : (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S.A., 1959.
Clock, Pendulum : Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.
Clock, Quartz : Warren A. Marrison, Canada/U.S.A., 1927.
Cloning, Animal : John B. Gurdon, U.K., 1970.
Coca-Cola : John Pemberton, U.S.A., 1886.
Combustion : Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.
Compact Disk : RCA, U.S.A., 1972.
Compact Disk (CD) : Philips Electronics, The Netherlands; Sony Corp., Japan, 1980.
Computed Tomography
(CT scan, CAT scan) : Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan Cormack, U.K. U.S.A., 1972
Computers : (analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S.A., 1945; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S.A., 1976.
Computer Laptop : Radio Shack Corp., U.S.A., 1983.
Concrete : Joseph Monier, France, 1877.
D
DDT : Othmar Zeidler, Germany, 1874.
Detector, Metal : Gerhard Fisher, Germany/U.S.A., late 1920s.
Deuterium : (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S.A., 1931.
DNA : (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson, U.S.A., 1953.
Dye : William H. Perkin, England, 1856.
Dynamite : Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.
E
Electric Generator (dynamo) : (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S.A., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.
Electron : Sir Joseph J. Thompson, U.S.A., 1897.
Electronic Mail : Ray Tomlinson, U.S.A., 1972.
Elevator, Passenger : Elisha G. Otis, U.S.A., 1852.
E=mc2 :(equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.
Engine, Internal Combustion : No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wanket, Germany, 1956.
Evolution : : (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.
F
Facsimile (fax) : Alexander Bain, Scotland, 1842.
Fiber Optics : Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.
Film Photographic : George Eastman, U.S.A., 1884.
Flashlight, Battery-operated Portable : Conrad Hubert, Russia/U.S.A., 1899
Flask, Vacuum (Thermos) : Sir James Dewar, Scotland, 1892.
Fuel Cell : William R. Grove, U.K., 1839
G
Genetic Engineering : Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, U.S.A., 1973.
Gravitation, Law of : Sir Issac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).
Gunpowder : China, c.700.
Gyrocompass : Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., 1905.
Gyroscope : Jean Leon Foucault, France, 1852.
H
Helicopter : (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Silorsky, U.S.A., 1939.
Helium First Observed on Sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.
Home Videotape Systems
(VCR) : (Betamax) Sony, Japan, (1975); (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.
I
Ice Age Theory : Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.
Insulin : (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.
Internet : Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of Defense, U.S.A., 1969.
Iron, Electric : Henry W. Seely, U.S.A., 1882.
Isotopes : Frederick Soddy, England, 1912.
J
Jet Propulsion : (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.
L
Laser : (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S.A. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S.A., 1960.
LCD (liquid crystal display) : Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.
Lens, Bifocal : Benjamin Franklin, U.S.A., c.1760.
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) : Nick Holonyak, Jr., U.S.A., 1962.
Light, Speed of : (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.
Locomotive : (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy”, U.S.A., 1941.
Loud Speaker : Chester W. Rice, Edward W. Kellogg, U.S.A., 1924.
M
Machine Gun : (multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S.A., 1862; (single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.
Magnet, Earth is : William Gilbert, England, 1600.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) : Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, U.S.A., early 1970s.
Matchstick/box : (phosphorus) Francois Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.
Metric System : Revolutionary government of France, 1790-1801.
Microphone : Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.
Microscope : (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S.A., Canada, Germany, 1932-1939.
Microwave Oven : Percy Spencer, U.S.A., 1947.
Missile, Guided : Wernher von Braun, Germany, 1942.
Motion, Laws of : Isaac Newton, England, 1687.
Motion Pictures : Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1893.
Motion Pictures, Sound : Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score : Don Juan, 1926; with spoken diologue : The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.
Motor, Electric : Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.
Motorcycle : (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.
Moving Assembly Line : Henry Ford, U.S.A., 1913.
N
Neutron : James Chadwick, England, 1932.
Nuclear Fission : Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.
Nuclear Reactor : Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.
Nylon : Wallace H. Carothers, U.S.A., 1937.
O
Ozone : Christian Schonbein, Germany, 1839.
P
Pacemaker : Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S.A., 1957.
Paper : China, c.100 A.D.
Parachute : Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.
Pen : (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S.A., 1884; (ball-point) John H. Loud, U.S.A., 1888; Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.
Phonograph : Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1877.
Photography : (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicephore Niepce, France, 1816-1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate) Louis Dagauerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848-1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S.A. 1935.
Photovoltaic Effect : (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.
Planetary Motion, Laws of : Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.
Plastics : (first material nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S.A., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S.A., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922; (polypropylene and low-pressure method for producing high-density polyethylene) Robert Banks, Paul Hogan, U.S.A., 1958.
Polio, Vaccine : (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S.A., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S.A. 1954; (available in the U.S.A.) 1960.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : Eugen Baumann, Germany, 1872.
Printing : (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400, Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450; (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S.A. 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S.A., 1884.
Printing Press, Movable Type : Johannes Gutenburg, Germany, c.1450.
Proton : Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.
Pulsars : Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.
Q
Quantum Theory : (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, Germany, 1925.
R
Rabies Immunization : Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.
Radar : (limited range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S.A., 1925; (first practical radar-radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934-1935.
Radio : (electromagnetism theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Macroni, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1912; (frequency modulation-FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1933.
Radiocarbon Dating, Carbon-14 Method : (discovered) Willard F. Libby, U.S.A., 1947; (first demonstrated) U.S.A., 1950.
Razor : (safety) King Gillette, U.S.A., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S.A., 1928, 1931.
Refrigerator : Alexander Twining, U.S.A., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S.A., 1913.
Remote Control, Television : Robert Adler, U.S.A., 1950.
Richter Scale : Charles F. Richter, U.S.A., 1935.
Rifle : (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S.A., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S.A., 1918.
Rocket : (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S.A., 1926.
Rotation of Earth : Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.
Rubber : (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S.A., 1839.
S
Saccharin : Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S.A., 1879.
Safety Pin : Walter Hunt, U.S.A., 1849.
Saturn, Ring Around : Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.
Seismograph : (first accurate) John Bohlin, Sweden, 1962.
Sewing Machine : Elias Howe, U.S.A., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S.A., 1851.
Spectrum : Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665-1666.
Steam Engine : Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782; (high-pressure) Oliver Evans, U.S.A., 1804.
Steel, Stainless : Harry Brearley, U.K., 1914.
Stethoscope : Rene Laennec, France, 1819.
Submarine : Cornelis Drebbel, The Netherlands, 1620.
T
Tank, Military : Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.
Tape Recorder : Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.
Teflon : DuPont, U.S.A., 1943.
Telegraph : Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S.A., 1837.
Telephone : Alexander Graham Bell, U.S.A., 1837.
Telephoe, Mobile : Bell Laboratories, U.S.A., 1946.
Telescope : Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.
Television : Vladimir Zworykin, U.S.A., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube) 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demaonstrated by J. L. Baird, Scotland, C. F. Jenkins, U.S.A., 1926; (first all-electric television image) Philo T. Famsworth, U.S.A., 1927; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S.A., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S.A., National Television Systems committee, 1953.
Thermodynamics : (first law : energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one from to another) Julius Von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law : heat cannot itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law : the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernstm Germany, 1918.
Thermometer : (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
Tire, Pneumatic : Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.
Transformer, Electric : William Stanely, U.S.A., 1885.
Transistor : John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S.A., 1947.
Typewriter : Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S.A., 1867.
V
Velcro : George de Mestral, Switzerland, 1948.
Video Disk : Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.
Vitamins : (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S.A., 1912-1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S.A., 1915-1916; (thiamin B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; ( riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S.A., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S.A., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S.A., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S.A., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.
W
Wheel : (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800-3600 B.C.
Windmill : Persia, c.600.
World Wide Web : (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S.A., 1993.
X
X-ray Imaging : Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Germany, 1895.
Xerography : Chester Carlson, U.S.A., 1900.
Z
Zero : India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
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